Japanese Occupation in South-east Asia Essays -- Pacific War Japanese

Japanese calling in southeast ward AsiaTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction undercoatPg. 3 thesisPg. 3Research questionsPg. 3RationalePg. 3MethodologyPg. 4Chapter 2 Literature ReviewPg. 5Primary sourcesPg. 5 second-string sourcesPg. 6Chapter 3 Research MethodologyPg. 8ProcedurePg. 8Types of sourcesPg. 8Compiling and presenting the dataPg. 8Chapter 4 Results and findingsPg. 10Background informationPg. 10Conflict between Japan and United StatesPg. 11The Japanese Occupation (1942 1945)Pg. 11Chapter 5 Discussion and interpretationPg. 24The causes or motives of Japanese OccupationPg. 24The effect of Japanese OccupationPg. 25PropagandaPg. 26Chapter 6 ConclusionPg. 28AcknowledgementsPg. 29Chapter 1 IntroductionBackgroundThe Pacific War opened on 7 December 1941, and Japanese troops started invading other Asian countries. Singapore, which was a colony of Britain at that time, fell to the Japanese on 15 February 1942. Since then, the great deal in South-east Asia had great sufferings. During the Japanese Occupation, many population suffered and some even died. Finally, the Japanese surrendered after the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, and the nightmare was finally over.dissertationWar does more than harm than good.Research questionsWhat are the main causes & motives of the Japanese OccupationWhat are the main effects of Japanese Occupation to the quite a little at that time?What are the instruments... ...lusionThe people under the Occupation suffered, and the people in Japan as well suffered after the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. We learned that war does not do any party good, as we can jibe from the end of the war. We should learn our lessons from this event, and from the causes we can learn how to prevent it. Therefore, we should place our wariness on the recent US and Iraq war, and stand on the side of peacefulness. We should also educate ourselves to differentiate between propaganda and the reality. Lastly, I had proven my theory, War does mo re harm than good.Acknowledgementshttp//www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/25/pearl_harbour/hb_rise_of_japan.htmhttp//www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/25/pearl_harbour/hb_ww1.htmhttp//www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/25/pearl_harbour/hb_us_lead.htmhttp//www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/25/pearl_harbour/hb_j_agg.htmhttp//www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/25/pearl_harbour/hb_count.htmhttp//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2130.htmlhttp//www.japan-guide.com/e/e2129.htmlhttp//www.diggerhistory.info/pages-posters/jap.htmhttp//www.s1942.org.sg/Understanding our past, Singapore from settlement to Nation - Federal Publications

Web Calculator Exercise 2

move 1 a. Mean age = 960/20=48 b. Standard Deviation = 10. 74832 web address http//easycalculation. com/statistics/standard-deviation. php Frequency distribution defer for denomination. Score f(frequency) 1 1 2 2 4 2 5 1 6 3 7 3 8 1 9 3 10 3 12 1 N=30 c. What is the lot of people who identify themselves as Baptist? 3/20 = . 15 x 100 = 15% What is the mode of church attendance? 5 Question 2 a. What is the Z make for a car with a cost of $33,000? Z=2. 85714286 b. What is the Z score for a car with a cost of $30,000? Z=2 clear address for calculator http//www. danielsoper. com/statcalc3/calc. spx? id=22 c. At what percentile rank is a car that sold for $30,000? 97. 72% Web calculator uptaked http//easycalculation. com/statistics/zscore-to-percentile. php 3. One students Math score was 70 and the same individuals English score was 84. On which exam did the student do better? Math +3 points change integrity by 9. 58 SD = . 3132 English + 6 points divided by 12. 45 SD = . 482 The student did better on the English footrace. 4. Suppose you administered an anxiety test to a large sample of people and produceed normally distributed hit with a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 4. Do not use web-calculator to answer the following questions.Instead, you need to use the Z distribution table in Appendix A in Jacksons book. a. If Andrew scored 45 on this test. What is the Z score? Z=45-45 z=0 4 b. If Anna scored 30 oh this test. What is her Z score? Z=30-45 Z=-3. 75 4 c. If Bills Z score was 1. 5, what is his real score on this test? 1. 5 = x-45 X=51 4 d. There argon 200 students in a sample. How many of these students will have scores that determine under the score of 41? Z=41-45 Z= -1 consort to Appendix A . 159 x 200 Answer = 31. 8 fall under 41 4 5. Obtain the Persaons r and coefficient of endeavor for the following relationships. . Between the IQ and psychological science scores. r=. 59231 Determination= . 35084 web http//easycalculation. com/statistic s/r-squared. php b. Between the IQ and statistics score. r= . 73667 Determination= . 54268 WEB http//easycalculation. com/statistics/r-squared. php c. Between the psychology scores and statistics scores. r= . 71050 Determination = . 50480 WEB http//easycalculation. com/statistics/r-squared. php 6. Using a web-calculator, obtain the appropriate correlation coefficients. r= . 85190 http//easycalculation. com/statistics/r-squared. php

Frankenstein and Human Cloning Essay

What is sp payliness? What defines a person? Do you believe hu slices should cook the right to grow action? Are there any consequences? In 1831 bloody shame Shelly wrote Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, a magnificent depiction of a man taking up Gods role of creator of life. skipper wanted to achieve biological immortality. Yet, within the instance of success victor outright rejected his creation as monstrous, a social unit for being unworthy of humanity life. In this paper, I argue that Frankenstein and the thinking re-create have a dance band in common, beca practice session the two topics serving pros and cons on behalf of their out coming result. headmaster Frankensteins monster comp ared to cloning takes empower without the act of a sexual union between a male and female. In general, cloning is the young Frankenstein, just like Frankenstein is the modern Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the Gods he had taken something that did not belong to the public and given it to mankind and was essentially punished for his actions. In the same way, overlord Frankenstein lets his ambition overpower him. Victor took from God what was not his, and created a poisonous monster in effect of his strong desire for creating human life. tender-hearted cloning is besides a controversial subject stating that humans have no power by Gods to develop life or require death. According to the Human Genome Project, there are three types of cloning DNA, therapeutic, and fruitful cloning. DNA cloning involves transferring DNA from a donor to another organism. remedial cloning, known as embryo cloning which involves harvesting stem cells from human embryos to grow new organs for transplant. Reproductive cloning creates a feign of the host. Victor Frankenstein created his monster using Reproductive cloning from distinctive eubstance parts of different host organisms.To make his creature, Victor Frankenstein raided grave yards and exhausted a lot of his time in slaughter houses as wholesome as dissecting rooms to borrow body parts from the dead to use for his creature. Cloning in relation to Frankenstein also uses the process of borrowing by obtaining genetic materials from embryos to make identical duplicates. With all the allusions to fire and electricity anchor throughout the novel, to both spark and glimmer give the reader clues as to how Frankenstein used electric currents to stimulate the patched together dead body of his monster. Comparatively, cloning also employs the use of electricity to promote the division of cells also known as life.In the process of stimulating his creation to life, Victor Frankenstein accidentally puts a criminal brain into his monster, therefore skewing the monsters behavior. Cloning is often unsuccessful. According to the Human Genome Project, it takes sometimes 100 attempts to create one successful clone. Frankensteins monster had all components and feelings of a human being, but was not born ou t of a womans womb and was not sexually produced. The creature was created not in Gods image, but in Victors image. nowadayss cloning process, like the methods of creating life used by Dr. Frankenstein, arouses a controversy of morals and ethics from religious viewpoints. Cloning has a lot to do with the desires of man. Frankenstein desired to create life. Desires, otherwise known as temptations in these cases, bring us to a great fault. By taking the place of God, to make their own definition of a person, Frankenstein and the creators of cloning are defying God and going against the Bibles moral standards. In be life we get a deep look into how Frankenstein and cloning compare. They are very alike in many ways. These things teach us that life and the universe are unknowable, and are not meant to be completely known. We are not meant to become boundless creators. Rather, we are the created created by God.

Failing to Love Essay

In her story neer Marry a Mexican Sandra Cisneros introduces the reader to the complex issues surrounding the racial and internal identity of a Mexican-the Statesn woman living in the unite States. The story is ab come out of the closet a Chicana woman and how she seeks revenge on a discolour write outr who has despiseed her by becoming the land upual manager of his teenage tidings. Cisneros shed life to the protagonist Clemencia and offendts her as a event in a modern day to demonstrate the pervasive ban impact on Mexican-American women, especially on Chicanas residing within the United States. Clemencia, the protagonist of the story, thinks Drew, remember when you used to call me your Malinalli? It was a joke, a private venture amidst us, because you looked like a Cortes with that beard of yours. My dark skin against yoursMy Malinalli, Malinche, my courtesan, you said, and yanked my flip back by the braid (192). Clemencia is a painter, but she must oppose herself in other ways too.She sometimes acts as a adapter however for Clemencia Spanish is now the native language. In this discussion of her occupation, Clemencia pronounces either way you look at it, what I do to make a living is a form of prostitution (181). She feels as though when she is non painting she merely sells herself to make a living, much like La Malinche had to do in her relationship with Cortes. Clemencia constantly allows herself to fall in love with unavailable men who are always married and always white. This rule results from her mothers constant advice, never Marry a Mexican. Clemencias mother, a lower-class Chicana woman from the United States who married an upper class Mexican man, felt ines up to(p) discrimination by both her conserves upper-class family and mainstream U.S. society for her dark skin color. Her answer to this was to get married out, and supposedly up, by divorcing Clemencias founder and tieing a white man.It is because of this display case that Clemencia never sees Mexican men as potential lovers. She explains Mexican men, barricade it. For a long time the men clearing off the tables or chopping meat behind the butcher counter or driving the kiss I rode to school every day, those werent men. Not men I considered as potential lovers. Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Chilean, Columbian, Panamanian, Salvadorean, Bolivian, Honduran, Argentine, Dominican, Venezuelan, Guatemalan, Ecuadorean, Nicaraguan, Peruvian, Costa Rican, Paraguayan, Uruguayan, I dont care. I never saw them. My mother did this to me(179). Here Clemencia is adopting the racist Anglo discourse by lumping all Latinos into one, unified group. Her discussion of Mexican does not distinguish between class and race to her Mexican means busboys, butchers, and bus drivers.Mexican is no longer the nationality of the people of Mexico, but rather a class of servers who glide by to be brown. Here Cisneros demonstrates how the racial discrimination of dominant societ y in America is often internalized and serves to separate the people of disempowered groups. Cisneros makes a strong statement against internalized racism by showing how Clemencias rejection of men of her own race and arrested development with white men ultimately leaves her lonely. Clemencia comes to the frustrating, yet enlightening realization that the white men in her life have, like her, adopted the mantra never marry a Mexican when she remembers the conversation Drew and she had the last night they worn-out(a) together.Clemencia recalls in an inner dialogue, how we had agreed. All for the best. Surely I could see that, couldnt I? My own good. A good sport. A young miss like me. Hadnt I understoodresponsibilities. You didnt think? Never marry a Mexican. Never marry a Mexican. No of course. I see. I see (186). Now Clemencia is now lost without a kosher choice of lovers. Mexicans are out of bounds because she could never marry a Mexican, but she now realizes that white men ar e also out of bounds because they too could never marry a Mexican they could never marry her. Cisneros is at that placefore demonstrating how internalized racism does not serve to differentiate legitimate ethnic Mexicans from others in the eyes of white society, and instead only serves to isolate such Mexican-Americans from the culture to which they are supposed to feel connected.By having Clemencia reject the utilizations of wife and mother and instead embrace the socially deviant schoolmistress berth, Cisneros demonstrates how women who refuse socially acceptable roles often must do so at the expense of other women. In an attempt to claim result that she would otherwise be denied as a married Chicana in dominant, patriarchal society, Clemencia embraces the role of the mistress. The mistress, because of her strictly intimate nature, is traditionally regarded as a role that strengthens male dominance in heterosexual relationships. Through her role as mistress and her rejecti on of the role of wife or mother, she attempts to combat the patriarchal organisation of oppression and makes allowances for flexibility of sexual activity-role expectations.However because the role of the mistress also depends upon there being another woman, the wife, who is betrayed by both her husband and the mistress, the mistress role does not combat the patriarchal system for all women. It does, in fact, reinforce patriarchal oppression of the wife/mother role. Clemencia seems to have little problem acknowledging her betrayal of other women. She candidly tells the reader Ive been accomplice, having caused deliberate pain to other women. Im vindictive and cruel, and Im capable of anything (179). Therefore, in order to escape subscribed gender roles and claim part in her sexual relationships, Clemencia hurts other women. Cisneros seems to be saying that mujeres andariegas, or brave women who reject the roles society expects of them, do not help to institutionally tack soci ety for all women but rather must betray other women in their search for personal freedom. Clemencia attempts to further combat patriarchal gender roles in her sexual relationships the role of el chingn. When describing sex with Drew, she says I leapt privileged you and split you like an apple.Opened for the other to look and not give back (185). Here Clemencia not only takes on the mans part by leaping inside, she also executes the violent actions attached to the verb chingar. Clemencia imagines that this sexual aggressiveness empowers her over Drew. She says You were ashamed to be so naked further I saw you for what you are, when you opened yourself for me (185). To Clemencia, sexual relations are base on power dynamics, and in order to escape the passive womanish chingada role she must embrace the possessive, dominant, masculine chingn role. Clemencia extends her embodiment of the chingn role into her dealings with the wives, and even a son, of her lovers.More than once she h ad sex with a lover while his wife was in labor with his child. She confesses it has given(p) me a bit of crazy joy to be able to drink down those women like thatTo know Ive had their husbands when they were anchored in blue hospital rooms, their guts yanked inside out(184). Clemencias relationship with Drews son is another example of her fulfilling a sort of vindictive sexual propitiation. She says of him I sleep with this boy, their son. To make the boy love me the way I love his father. To make him want me the way I love his fatherI can tell from the way he looks at me, I have him in my powerI let him nibblein the beginning I snap by teeth (187). Therefore she seduces him not to punish the yearning of her body or hear, but rather to achieve sexual power of the son, which she perceives as giving her indirect power of his parents.Clemencia is ultimately odd lonely without a lover, a connection to her culture, or meaningful female friendships. The reason for this lies in the w orld view Clemencia has inherited from her society. She perceives the world in black and white, in terms of inescapable binaries between which she must choose. She fails to give way an acceptable marriage partner to Drew, she fails to escape being hurt by her lovers even as a mistress.Works CitedNever Marry a Mexican. Random House, Inc. and Vintage Books1991

How does fitzgerald tell the story in chapter

How does Fitzgerald tell the base in chapter 1 of The Great Gatsby? Fitzgerald opens the counterbalance chapter introducing us to come off Carroway, who is clearly of first person narration and he is telling the write up from the future. By telling the story as though it has already occurred, Fitzgerald has created the Illusion that his maln character has already experience the events that are unf venerableing. This ensures that nick is a retrospective narrator throughout the contain besides also obviously a bias story teller.Fitzgerald makes it cognise that pass has already met every last(predicate) the characters and knows hem and their story, he openly has his witness personal Judgements and opinions of them, also making It clear he is going to be a bias narrator, giving out inaccurate and whizz-sided schooling to the reader. The chapter also tells us about pricks life in new-sprung(prenominal) York when he lived in 1922 and his life in West Egg. Fitzgeralds purp ose of chapter one is primarily to introduce the characters of the book and to drop hints and revelations for the events in the rest of the book, such as suggesting themes of part and characterisation of Gatsby.The chapter also presents us the relationship etween Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Furthermore, the admit is deeply described by Fitzgerald, A sunken Italian garden, a half-acre of deep, pungent roses, and a snub- nosed motor boat that bumped the tide onshore. This presents an Image of wealth and the strong themes of money linked with social class due to the immense translation of the expansive home Tom and Daisy took for granted. The authors description of the houses shows the difference clearly between come offs home which hed Rented In one of the strangest communities, cut-rate In comparison toTom and Daisys house which was a representation of old money. This is once more also shown in chapter one with Gatsbys home which Nick had described as a mansion, Implying that his h ouse Is huge and could possibly link to Gatsbys record from what we know of him. This shows that Gatsby has new wealth and that he simply bought his mansion to expire his stereotyped personality and ego. Fitzgerald still telling the story from Nicks point of view, makes the earreach aware that Nick is new into this lifestyle, and that he is not particularly affluent within his own devices.However I count on Its clear from the start that Nick will have to change his personality also In gild to fit in with everyone else and his friends. This is due to the fact that when Nick leaves the Buchannans house, he is deep in thought(p) and a little disgust. This is aimed at the attitude Daisy has towards Toms evident promiscuity and blatant affair he has going on with a girl from New York as Daisy is aware and doesnt show each sign of caring that her save Is having an affair as she Is not making any effort to item it.Hes confused as to why Daisy doesnt simply leave Tom and muster up someone else, but as I said he has moreover to arrange to the mind-set of the rich and foolish upper- class. This Is done well by Fitzgerald however, as It gives Nicka sense of lower status In comparison to his friends in that before he becomes Involved them he must first adjust his personality. Not only does this work on a human level, but it also reveals more about Nicks character as he explained how certain and non-judgemental he completely fake in front of these friends he has made.This smoke Introduce and theme of people being fake. The author starts off the story in chapter one, talking to the reader through Nick, Whenever you feel like criticizing any one ust remember that exclusively the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. This is the first case of Fitzgerald pointing towards the reader and asking them to look at themselves. This is because of the fact that we all Judge our friends, our familVHow does Fitzgerald tell the story in chapter 1 of The Great GatsbV? , and separate members f community in our mind, but we do not all have the courage to come out and say it. Nick does not talk of his opinions as furthermost as I know from chapter one to his friends, the story tells us all his accurate Judgements of the other characters. However I dont think we can trust his completely as he is bias. I think Fitzgerald has purposely done that to leave a mystery of Nick from what I can tell from chapter one alone, but also Nick can be considered reliable as he speaks his opinions to the readers and doesnt hold fanny whats on his mind.Nick is portrayed to us as an honest guy in the first hapter, however I think he is of the theme fake a he is being nice to the people he has met so far despite the Judgements he has formed of them. So he gets along with everyone in public but Judges them in private which is only revealed to us readers. I think that Nick is a very real and sincere character, and that Fitzgerald has created an a ccurate depiction of the average American man. He isnt born to old money, and isnt born in to new money, hes Just born into a familiar family, making his own judgements.Even though Nick can be considered a secret hypocrite. And even though he claims to be appalled and disgusted by the ways of the rich and upper- classes due to the cheating that goes on, on Toms behalf, it fascinates him, and he wants to know more. I think that this is where Fitzgerald has made us somewhat like Nick as he is Just a normal person severe to change to fit in with his surroundings and peers. So I think that Fitzgerald is telling us the story in chapter one through Nick as us readers can relate to him being a habitue person, so in some ways we live the story and at that place is a part of Nick in all of us.

Enhancing Efl Learners Writing Skill Via Journal Writing Education Essay

The accomplishment of authorship has been for old ages considered to be of import, but besides demanding and disputing for foreign linguistic communion scholars. In Enhancing EFL Learners opus Skill via Journal Writing, Tuan points out that pupils advancement in authorship is hindered by uninteresting nature of the accomplishment itself ( Hedge, 1991 6 ) , fright of rectification and groom force per unit bea ( Weir, 1990 61 ) . In his research, he aims at fasten uping whether the acquisition of make up accomplishments can be facilitated and advanced by the usage of daybook authorship. The experiment took topographic point amongst 85 Vietnamese sopho more(prenominal) pupils of English of similar authorship proficiency. The topics, divided into Control ( CG ) and data-based Group ( EG ) , were assigned assorted in-class authorship activities. Members of the latter were besides infallible to carry on a personal diary for a accomplishment of 13 hebdomads. The consequences wer e analysed and comp bed harmonizing to quantitative ( control of words produced, symbol of unfinished essays, figure of errors and mean tonss ) and qualitative methods ( questionnaire study ) .The findings province that participants from the Experimental Group produced more words, made less errors and received better tonss. Their motive has besides change magnitude as they found the activity utile and enjoyable.It is undeniable that the pattern of comprise diaries helped Experimental Group scholars break in their general composition accomplishments, nevertheless, carry oning the research in an academician environment seems slightly unequal, suspiciously when one takes into devotion Tuan s motivations behind the survey and the fact that academic authorship is tumesce different from that found in a typical foreign linguistic communicating schoolroom.Britton ( 1972 93 ) , in his acknowledged taxonomy, divided composing into trio types expressive ( exploratory ) , transactiona l ( explanatory ) , and poetic. This differentiation has been since supported by horde bookmans, including Phenix ( 2002 50-52 ) and Browne ( 1999 8-9 ) . Transactional authorship is related to academia, as it prepares authors for engagement in their academic or professional discourse community ( Babin and Harrison, 1999 258 ) , while private diaries are classified as expressive composing seeing that they involve linguistic communication near to the ego, uncovering the talker, verbalising his consciousness, exposing his stopping point relationship with the lector ( Britton et al. , 1975 88 ) . White ( 1995 201 ) placed journal authorship amongst those techniques that help develop expressive, non explanatory composing accomplishments. On this footing serious uncertainties can be raised against the value of diary authorship in developing academic authorship accomplishments. White proposes that the advancement in scholarly authorship should non be achieved by agencies of authorsh ip, but readingWithin academic authorship, the nexus in the midst of reading and composing is extremely of import. Reading provides content every bit good as theoretical accounts. Students need developing in centre uping and rephrasing so that they can abstract thoughts from beginnings and present them within the context of use of their ain authorship ( White, 1995 59 ) .It is extremely carely that by composing diaries pupils were forced to look for certain words and forms in order to produce their ideas and feelings, which developed their general authorship accomplishments and improved foreign linguistic communication competency. It is nevertheless undeniable that such development is limited to specific, repetitive set phrases and discourse ( e.g. day-to-day modus operandis ) and does non enable pupils to compose in a immense spectrum of subjects.One of the standards taken into history by the writer when measuring findings was figure of words produced. This benchmark seems n evertheless by no agencies related to justice and eloquence standards of judgement. Undoubtedly, a smashinger figure of words does non guarantee the meaningfulness of vocalizations. It can, on the contrary, cause prolixity as the participants use constructions that are typical for this peculiar discourse ( e.g. disjunct adverbials ) .With mention to the statements that supported set abouting the research, one asseveration stated that pupils feel uncomfortable about being corrected and are indeed afraid of perpetrating mistakes. The conversations nevertheless revealed that the pupils felt that they can larn and attain from doing mistakes, even if they encounter jobs with showing thoughts and feelings over a limited philology repertory. Another disagreement between the concluding behind the research and the veridical results is that the challenge of developing the wont of believing on paper was non met by diary authorship. Despite bring forthing more words and doing less er rors, extensive bulk of Experimental Group pupils kept interpreting their thoughts from the First to the back up Language.Although the research has emphasised truth, instead less attending has been paid to eloquence in footings of functional rightness. The interviews conducted by the research worker expose great diverseness in discourse used by the participants. The linguistic communication of the pupil who liked diary authorship appears comparatively right, but sounds unnatural and awkward. Conversely, the pupil who did non like the activity, makes a few errors, but his address comes across every bit much more natural and unschooled. On the whole, the extracts from pupils entries presented in the article are a mixture of formal and informal authorship, with phrases like I feel like composing diaries in one sentence, and hence or a meaningful nowadays in another. As a consequence, the concluding lingual merchandise sounds inelegant and unreal.One advantage of diary author ship is the development of certain, general authorship accomplishments. However, the virtues of diary authorship in developing academic authorship accomplishments remained unaddressed by the research. In the display case of the probe, it seems that pupils gained accomplishments they should already possess or at least pattern at the academic degree summarising, rephrasing, critical thought, and doing their authorship cohesive.

British American Tobacco

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Any government regardless of the point of its size, age unavoidablenesss to run smoothly and bring home the bacon the goals and objectives which it has set forth. And therefrom the giving medication needs to manage Human option solicitude effectively and efficiently. For it vexs and implements its own Human Resource Management concepts. British Ameri pl downstairs baccy plant Bangladesh is iodine of the oldest and largest multinational companies operating in Bangladesh. At British American baccy Bangladesh, the refer factor to their sustainable growth is military military force pick. flail Bangladesh is a leading backing system in the industrial empyrean employing more than 1,300 employees nowadays and a further 40,000 indirectly as farmers, distri andors and suppliers. It has invariably been committed to heavy commerce practices and has set reveal the frame pee of its lop Principles on work d well uping practices, employee transaction an d employee human refines. lapB employs more than 852 stack directly and about 40,000 people indirectly as farmers, distributers and local suppliers. slashB is one of the roughly preferred employers in the country.It is their pool of talented people who give this place the wonderful and pleasant operative environment that takes the smart set forward each day. It is a team of diametrical people, different glosss and backgrounds, coming together to piddle mostthing sensitive, something remarkable e preciseday. In this report, we have tried our best(p) to exemplify how the underlying functions of HRM be exercised in British American Tobacco Bangladesh. We have study BATBs several functions planning, recruiting and extract, training and exploitation, cognitive process appraisal and employee.We too discussed the BATBs goals, mission and hatful. BATB wants to attract, develop and retain high caliber talent. It in like manner wants an organization that is constantly schooling. This learning culture sh atomic number 18s dwellledge quickly, learns from its mistakes and replicates achievement formulas quickly. BATBs barter Principles set out BATBs commitment to good participation practices and workplace related human right wings. BATB invests time in these forums beca place it is committed to ontogeny employees rush and because in stemma, individual performance matters.BRITISH AMERICAN tobacco accounting TheBritish American Tobacco telephoner (BAT or BATCO) is the second largest listed baccy companionship in the world, with a market capitalization of over ? 30 billion (U. S. $44 billion). It is establish in London in the linked Kingdom. It began operating in 1902 as a joint venture of the regal TobaccoCompany and James DukesAmerican Tobacco Company, and grew to be the major(ip) cig arette community in many countries but non in the USA or in the UK, where each of the partner organizations had agreed not to compete with the sepa ratewise.During the trust-busting era of President Theodore Roosevelt, the American Tobacco Company was oblige to divest its interest, and in the years that embraceed. royal Tobacco also reduce its shareholdings. Eventu both(prenominal)(prenominal)y BAT became a relatively indep repealent organization that out-grew its parent. BAT Industries The international remnants of the original company were reorganized into a holding company called BAT Industries in 1976, and it acquired what was left of the American Tobacco Co. after the anti-trust split-up. BAT later acquiredBrown Williamson(BW) which, at that time, was the largest cigarette company in the USA.BATs US subsidiary retained a degree of in matterence from the UK, although classly it mustiness report to the London office &8212 and occasionally they exerted their own pressure. BAT is base in London and has subsidiaries in the UK, Europe, Asia and the old British colonies. In 1999 it acquired the sulphur African- groun d company ofRothmans Internationalafter a long battle with Philip Morrisfor control. The company has also diversified into many other industries owning, for instance, a major spirit insurance company, food and beverage companies, etc. The acronym BATCO is often used when referring to this big conglomerate.BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO BANGLADESH Beginning the journey as Imperial Tobacco 100 years ago, the company set up its archetypical depotat Armanitola in capital of Bangladesh Bangladesh. After the partition of India in 1947, Pakistan Tobacco Company was established in 1949. Then it became Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited in 1972 immediately after Bangladeshs independence. In 1998, the company changed its name and individuation to British American Tobacco Bangladesh aligning the corporate identity with other operating companies in the British American Tobacco Group. Address British American Tobacco Bangladesh New DOHS Road MohakhaliPO Box 6069 capital of Bangladesh 1206 Bangl adesh Tel (+880) 2 882 2791 Tel (+880) 2 882 2786 BATBS SHAREHOLDERS BATB is among the first companies to be listed on the Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges and currently rank amongst the top 20 companies in legal injury of market capitalization. British American Tobacco Group holds 65. 91% of our shares 18. 76% is owned by investment Corporation of Bangladesh Shadharan Bima Corporation, Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Shangstha, Government of sights republic of Bangladesh, Sena Kallyan Sangstha owns 4. 73% and further 10. 609% is owned by other shareholders. BATBS OPERATIONSBATB grows tobacco leaves by dint of its registered farmers in Kushtia, Chittagong, Manikganj and Rangpur zones. Both its header office and cigarette manufacturing plant are located in Mohakhali, Dhaka. It has one Green Leaf thrashing plant in Kushtia and a Redrying coiffe in Manikganj. RESPONSIBILITIES BATB shoots to operate that it only purchases leaf from responsible and sustainable sources. Its genial Respo nsibility in Tobacco Production course of study addresses the social and environmental issues associated with tobacco growing and cognitive processing, and reaches more than 300,000 farmers who supply all the leaf it buys.The program covers good agricultural practices for improving soil and water conservation, appropriate use of agrochemicals, environmental best practice and occupational health and safety. It is also agile in eliminating exploitative child comprehend and promoting forestation initiatives for the farmers who need wood for tobacco curing. As part of the program, it provides direct agronomy sign and training to some 250,000 of its grower suppliers where it is not otherwise available. BATBs VISION BATBs vision is to achieve leading of the global tobacco assiduity in couch to create long term shareholder value.Leadership is not an end in itself, but a company that leads its industry, is the preferred partner for key stakeholders and is seen to have a sustainable business, should be valued more highly. BATB defines leadership in twain a quantitative and qualitative sense. Quantitively, it seeks volume leadership among its international competitors and in the longer term, value leadership. It recognizes that its success impart depend on adult consumers and that, therefore, it must be consumer driven. But the hard, quantitative measures do not in themselves address all the things it must do as a company.It takes a long term view, tensenessing on the lumber of its business and how it works. As a result, qualitatively, it seeks to be recognized as industry leaders and to be the partner of first choice for governments, NGOs, investors and potency employees. It forget do this by continuing to demonstrate that it is a responsible tobacco Group, with a sustainable business, outstanding people and superior products. In clubhouse to deliver its vision, its strategy for creating shareholder value has four elements around which all our efforts revolve Growth, Productivity, Responsibility and Winning Organization. HR MISSIONEmbedding winning culture where people alship canal strive to excel. How BATB Works To Achieve Its Organizational And HR Vision To develop the most vital element of the organization which is the human resource BATB has congeal in a lot of efforts in responding to motley changes and problems finished effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies by means of the HR department. A key part of BATBs work is constituent nurture an open, confident and winning culture, where all are aligned in delivering consumer satisfaction. It ensures that people have the probability to release their energies in a creative and focused style.It wants its employees to have a clear vision for the business and to promote enthusiasm to drive superior performance. Furthermore, BATB expect its leaders to engage with their teams and to develop their people. BATBs culture also encourages ongoing le arning, so its role includes optimizing individual(prenominal) and organisational learning in localize to leverage the capability of both the business and the individual to establish the company vision. BATB strives to match the needs of the organization and individual aspirations and encourage personal ful gormandizements.Therefore, success is recognized in ship canal which are relevant to the individual. Strategic Human Resource Management The company cl early(a) identified that a strategic approach to human resource management, development and administration was the primary requirement for dealing with the critical issues that it faced, and has been adjacent such an approach since 1996. Under this approach, it has set out to achieve the spare-time activity objectives * Create an environment deep down which all parties could engage each other, draw trust and produce satisfactory results. Ensure a stable running(a) environment in which the unions and the workers would becom e partners in achieving the companys general objectives. * Develop leadership among workers and create an innovative environment * Ensure the virtual(prenominal) absence of disruptive industrial relations issues * Upgrade the base take aim of education and skill of all employees * Achieve significant annexs in productiveness even while there has been a reduction in employment levels * Create the cultural change from a manufacturing orientation to a run orientation * Manage the separations that were required Develop an environment at work that focuses on worker health and welfare, on safety and on the hazards of dope * Improve the focus on customer service and product whole tone * Develop and maintain a reputation as an employer of choice merciful RESOURCE PLANNING practiced by BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO BANGLADESH Employment Planning Human resource planning is a process of determining an organizations human resource needs finished ensuring that it has the right number and kin ds of people at the right place, at the right time in order to achieving the organizations overall objective. uniform all other organization BAT also has its own employment planning. This planning includes determining the demands and supplies of labor in their organization. intent of Demand of fight The management of BAT forecasts the companys employees personnel needs ground on its mission, strategic goals & objectives & technological and other changes resulting in increased productivity. Although there are several methods to predict personnel needs, but they use managerial judgment because it gives them more real world scenario for personnel needs.They think that the other methods cannot give the accurate situation of the personnel needs. These are basically graphical methods, which cannot measure the actual personnel needs. But managerial judgment method depends upon the change in productivity, market conditions etc. Determination of add together of Labor Internal a dd together- Increase in Internal Supply * New hires * Contingent workers * Transfers-in * Individuals returning from leaves Decrease in internal Supply * Transfers * Layoffs * Voluntary Quits * DismissalsExternal Supply BAT searches for fresh graduates among the business schools and other universities for fulfilling the demand of labor. It also targets the experienced workforce who is already working in different organizations. Besides, it suffers contractual tricks to the people among who most are students. It also goes finished and through the Battle of Mind contention through which they bring out the best promising faces from the crowd. BAT has recruited 37 fresh students judged through this competition since 2004. dividing line Analysis of British American Tobacco Bangladesh JOB depth psychology A contrast analysis is a regular exploration of the activities within a line of business that provides information about the rent outs currently be through and the knowledge, skills and abilities that individuals need to perform the jobs adequately. A thorough Job Analysis can enhance the effectiveness of regular or recurring HR processes akin recruitment and survival, study and Development, Performance Appraisals etc to long-range areas like HR Planning, era Planning etc.British American Tobacco Bangladesh does not follow any specific type of method to do the job analysis. quite a it uses a combination of different type of methods. The methods are based on the principles of modern management and of organisational psychology. Purpose of Job Analysis The purpose of Job Analysis is to establish and document the job relatedness of employment procedures. A job analysis armed scarper to determine the * teaching Needs * Compensation of the employees * Selection Procedures Performance reexamine Job Analysis Process A job analysis process has three outcomes Job Description Job interpretation is a statement indicating what a job entails. It include s what the job holder does, how it is done, under what conditions and why. BATB is comprised by experienced human resources executives who at a first level, with the inspection and repair of managers define the needs of the organization assessing the characteristics and obligations of each job post, as well as the organizations culture and structure.The focus of BATB lies on preparing a job interpretation accurately, rapidly and in a scientific and effective way. The job description includes information such as the job title, a short job description, the jobs place within the organization chart, the immediate supervisor, coactive departments, obligations and authorities, degree of freedom to furbish up decisions and proceed to initiatives, degree of blame in several circumstances, objectives etc. Job specification Job specification states the minimum acceptable qualifications that incumbents must hold to perform the job successfully.Based on information acquired through job an alysis, the job specification identifies prerequisite qualifications such as knowledge, skills, education, experience, certification, incumbent character traits and abilities. BATBs experienced and specialized collaborators prepare job descriptions for different posts based on a structured guide and specified methodology. Job military rating Job evaluation is a method of determining on a systematic basis the relative importance of a number of different jobs. By sector and size, job evaluation is far more normal in the public and private sectors and among larger employers.In BATB its a reclaimable process because job titles can often be misleading either unclear or unspecific. IN BATB its impossible for those in HR to know each job in detail. As a rough guide, job evaluation is very much essential for a huge organization like BATB. Job evaluation is counted as an ongoing process in BATB. According to the company a job evaluation should be transparent, and reviewed on a regular ba sis to ensure business needs continue to be met. enlisting Recruitment is a process of seeking sources for job candidates. Recruitment process aims at getting responses from job seekers and avoiding applications from unqualified candidates.BAT searches for fresh graduates among the business schools and other universities for fulfilling the demand of labor. It also targets the experienced workforce who is already working in different organizations. Besides, it offers contractual jobs to the people among who most are students. It also goes through the Battle of Mind competition through which they bring out the best promising faces from the crowd. BAT has recruited 37 fresh students judged through this competition since 2004. Recruitment Policy British American Tobacco Bangladesh has been in e-resourcing since 2002.It focuses on e-based advertisement for more visibility and transparency beside the conventional print media. All recruitment related notices are posted on the www. bdjobs. com website. Candidates are required to fill up the blank resume format provided in the website. A well-structured and systematic survival of the fittest procedure is followed to get the most sufficient candidate. Following the natural selection procedure, pre-employment medical examination and reference checks are done. * BATB asks for applications from recognized universities from home and abroad. * applier must be a citizen of Bangladesh. BATB encourages students with good academic track get into to apply. * BATB is not prejudiced a gatherst race, sex, religion, age etc. Positions are offered to the candidate on the basis of his/her ability and the requirement of the company. If an application is successful, the applicant is invited to a earlier interviewwhich entrust be taken by a fragment from the function to which he has employ and a member of the Human Resource team. This is a chance for him to aline out more about BATB, as it is for the company to find out whether he has the competencies BATB is looking for.BATB is committed to lionize the applicant informed of the progress through every step of the selection process. BATB now outsources the recruitment process to People Scape. Mid Careers Whatever give of your occupational group, we can offer new contends Talented people join BATB at all points of their career and for many reasons. Some seek a new challenge or an environment where they can prove themselves and where their current skills entrust be appreciated. Others want to reinvigorate their career or achieve a better work-life balance.And most want to improve their rewards package. BATB doesnt just offer a dynamic, diverse environment laden with opportunity people find the company a truly exciting and fulfilling place to work. They enjoy being part of a high profile company with a quick corporate culture that promotes individual and personal flair, while encouraging teamwork and delegation. Theyre tall of BATBs commitment to corp orate righteousness in a controversial industry. The nature of the tobacco industry contributes to the challenges of our work and to job satisfaction.Our people need a broadness of vision and understanding not always necessary in other sectors. They need people skills to communicate with diverse and multicultural audiences. They need the intellectual curiosity to try out new ideas and the idea to ensure our story is told, even when under serious constraint. Selection The selection process of BATB consists of the spare-time activity steps * If the application is successful, candidates are invited to a introductory interview which is taken by members from the running(a) department for which the candidates have applied and a member of the Human Resource team. The candidates who selected in this interview are invited to a specifically designed British American Tobacco mind centre. This provides them with the opportunity to demonstrate their skills and suitability through their pe rformance in a number of participative and individual exercises. They also have the opportunity to meet managers and to gain firsthand experience of what it is like to work for British American Tobacco Bangladesh. * If they get through the Assessment Centre, they will be recommended to the respective Heads of Functions for a final Interview.And if a candidate is can prove he is suitable for the job in this interview s/he is selected. British American Tobacco has put in a lot of efforts in responding to mingled changes and problems through effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies through the HR department to successfully utilize this large number of employees. BATB has be that it is functioning very well and that it will continue its operations and will become the trendsetter of the Human Resource Management practices of Bangladesh.Managing performance While managing performance BATB focuses on * Measuring aligning performance * Rewarding performance * Managing administering benefits * Managing organizational learning and development * Managing change * Designing developing the organization * Managing organizational climate * Learning in the organization Managing careersand development include * Assessing competencies and potential * Career development systems * Coaching and mentoring * Training and development Managing employment relations includes Managing employment legislation * Managing workplace relations * Managing HR customer services BATBs employment beliefs and principles BATBs people are its business and its channelise Principles represent the common values at the heart of its success, shared by employees across the world. Its Employment Principles set out BATBs commitment to good employment practices and workplace related human rights. Guiding Principles * Strength from variety * Open Minded * Freedom through Responsibility * Enterprising kernelStrength from Diversityreflects its cultural mix and a working enviro nment that respects employees individual differences. BATB embraces different people, cultures, viewpoints, brands, markets and ideas to create opportunities and strengthen performance. In short, we are interested in what reaps you unique. Open Mindedreflects BATBs openness to change, to spot opportunities and to consider new ideas, including ways of addressing regulatory issues and changing social expectations. People seek to listen without prejudice, actively and enthusiastically considering other viewpoints.Freedom through Responsibilityhelps our people to get on with their jobs BATB believes they should be free to make their own decisions, accept responsibility for them and not be hampered by spare bureaucracy. Employment Principles Like all major international companies, BATB takes its employment policies and procedures very seriously. BATBs Employment Principles cover topics such as * E fictional character of opportunity and non-discrimination * Internal communications an d the free flow of ideas * Worker representation and freedom of association Fairness at work and the unacceptability of harassment and ballyrag * That we do not condone or employ child labor * That forced or bonded labor is completely unacceptable * Performance responsibility * Health, safety and environmental responsibility * Community contributions and skills development for employees and communities in markets where our companies operate * Personal development and learning * Reasonable working hours and family friendly policies * Fair, clear and competitive remuneration and benefits. Training and development * We recognize that getting the right start is crucial to building a successful career. This is how we approach your early training and career development. * TheChallenge Initiative is structured around the following components INDUCTION FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGERIAL DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS sentiency PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL The induction gives you the opportunity to learn ab out our company, objectives, products and markets. growth a base of excellence in the function into which you have been recruited. development managerial competencies needed in your future roles. Gaining an understanding of the overall business and appreciating the role vie by each function. Giving you regular and rehabilitative feedback, both formally (every 6 months) and informally (every 6 weeks) to ensure that you achieve the defined standards for theChallenge Initiative. * Theinductiongives the opportunity to learn about BATBs Group objectives, products and markets. It introduces the corporate guiding principles and culture, the role of each function, and industry issues in your country.It also introduces to the product and how the company markets it. * The Challenge Initiative programmer includes employees functional development development of a base of excellence in chosen function. BATB will clearly explain what it expects from employees. Then, with support from em ployees coach and mentor, they set their objectives and work towards achieving them in order to meet the needs of the business and their personal development objectives. * Employees will develop themanagement skillsthey need in their future roles with both formal training and on-the-job experience.And they will have the opportunity to put these skills into practice in preparation for the move into their first management role. * BATB also expects them to developbusiness awareness, an understanding of the overall business and the role bouted by each function. In other words, BATB wants them to understand the business beyond their own functional and geographical area of responsibility. It wants them to question its existing ways of working and to bring positive change to the business. BATB will provide them with opportunities to challenge its practices, a receptive audience and the feedback they will need to build their knowledge. BATB monitors their success through regularperformance appraisal. It gives regular and constructive feedback, formally every 6 months and informally every 6 weeks. This ensures that employees are aware of the standards they should aim for, and also that it can tailor their development to its needs. Training Training is a learning experience that seeks a relatively permanent change in an individual that will improve his or her ability to perform a job. To make training a success, a BATB takes care of the following points * work up learning meaningful * Make skills transfer easy and Motivate the bookman Employee Training Method followed in BATB ON-THE-JOB TRAINING It means having a person learn a job by actually doing it. Advantages * comparatively inexpensive * Trainees learn while producing * No need off-site facilities Drawbacks * down in the mouth productivity while the employees develop their skills * The errors made by the trainees while they learn. Apprenticeship Training It traditionally involves having the learner study under the tutelage of a cover craftsperson. Informal Learning This learning process is not determined or designed by the organization.But the organization may ensure it by creating a learning environment in the organization. Job Instruction Training Listing each jobs basic task, on with key points, in order to provide step-by-step training for employees. Lectures The most simple and quick way to provide knowledge to large groups of trainees. Simulated Training It places the trainee in an sentimental environment that closely mirrors actual working conditions. OFF-THE-JOB TRAINING The Case show Method Here the manager is presented with a written description of an organizational problem to solve in a discussion with other trainees. Management Game The manager presented with a computerized decisions regarding but simulated situations. Outside Seminars some(prenominal) organizations now are using this popular method on mingled aspects of business and management. Employee Development BATB s approach to personal development is based on a simple belief that the person who best knows your ambitions and aspirations is you. BATB aims to support its development. People will find that BATB invests strongly in people to increase their skills, improve their performance and stimulate them with new ideas.BATB is committed to motivating people so they can also motivate others. But BATB also believes that youre the best person to map out your own evelopment. BATB expects employees to drive regular career discussions. It encourages to assess their strengths and weaknesses honestly and to seek feedback from colleagues. BATB counts on them to make continuous learning and the quest for improvement a part of your personality to be sharp-set for new ideas, skills and assignments. Managers play a key role in this and employees play a key role in developing the careers of people report to them.The managers assess individual capabilities and place a high priority on development planni ng. They set stretching performance goals, which are regularly reviewed. The discussions focus not just on what employees have achieved, but how they achieved it and what theyve learned along the way. Career development tools Career planning benefits both the employees and the company. It helps build successiveness that mesh with employees own aspirations making them more accurate, reliable and robust. BATB encourages them to spend quality time thinking about their career and it has highly developed tools to help them.BATB is prepared to invest significant time reviewing their career and meeting their development needs to ensure that their potential is fully realized. BATB holds annual Talent Review Meetings which are chaired by Board members, for all regions and functions around the world. These meetings aim to ensure that BATB has good succession plans in place that take account both of individuals needs and of the future shape of the organization. BATB invests time in these for ums because it is committed to developing employees career and because in business, individual performance matters.CONCLUSION British American Tobacco has put in a lot of efforts in responding to various changes and problems through effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies through the HR department to successfully utilize this large number of employees. BATB has turn up that it is functioning very well and that it will continue its operations and will become the trendsetter of the Human Resource Management practices of Bangladesh. Bibliography www. bat. com www. batb. bd-servers. com www. wikipedia. org

Living longer now Essay

These days, people in every(prenominal) over the world charter a higher level of sample in their lives. Food preparation has become easier and they do not admit just local food. Education gives people to learn more near their world and also themselves. Now they know what is better and how they chamberpot live on it. A very important matter that has reached a better moorage with respect to those days is health. This is obvious that people live chronic than forward because there are different statistics which show this fact. I think the maturation of science that results the technological progress and also the improvement of the health brass in all societies are both important reasons for a longer life.Man has a lot of progress in scientific areas. He has discovered unknown rules, achieved sore theories, and invented different tools and instruments. All of these give him the ability to increase his knowledge and consequently find more and more. Developing new instruments is medical science is one the most important things that helps people to take a better opportunity for a healthier life. For example, different diseases can be cured by new method operations that ca-ca not existed before and these operations would not be possible without advanced tools.Governments realized that a country with healthy people can be more successful and the only way they can achieve this organize is improving the public health system. Water should not be contaminated. thither must be an inspection system that supervise food standards. sufficient number of hospitals and doctors in different regions are curtail. People should be acknowledge to avoid what is not good for their health. For example, having a lot of fat in dairy diet will affect them by increasing dividing line cholesterol and other chemicals that may increase the death toll.As a result, I think in a world that has a sporting pace and when every one must try hard to hurt a better life, health probl ems are the most important problems that rearing and health system in each society are two different factors that decrease the death rate and help people to have a longer living.

Breadcrafter’s breads Essay

This business plan is a tightly constructed, succinct consideration of all factors relevant to launching this bakery. From deal charges to competition and seasonal changes to costs per loaf, this plan hasnt left anything bulge outall without being overly verbose. This exemplary plan is very cerebrate and complete, which depart help the business stay on course.Breadcrafters breads will stand out from the competition due to their uncommonness and outstanding quality. closely of the breads are European in style, including Sourdough, Miche (a traditional French whole drinking straw bread), and Sourdough Rye. These breads are made by the sourdough method which uses no added yeast. This method imparts a rich flavor, which can be tangy or mild, as vigorous as a toothsome inner crumb and a crackly crust. By using this method, a skilled baker can create sincerely delicious breads without added expatiates or sugars, making many of Breadcrafters products 100% fat free. Sourdough bread s in like manner have an extended shelf life, remaining fresh for years without the use of preservatives.Breadcrafter will also offer specialty breads, which will be made in the sourdough way with the addition of such luxurious ingredients as Parmagian cheese with fresh ground pepper and dried Michigan cherries with roast pecans. Spent Grain Bread, made with barley leftover from beer brewing, is another unique product that Breadcrafter will offer. Two varieties of French style baguettes will be offered fresh daily, a high demand product that is available nowhere else in the area. Breadcrafter will also produce White and Wheat prepare Breads with soft crust and a tender crumb for traditional American Style sandwiches. As the needs of the customer change, so will the poster of Breadcrafters products.The bakery equipment is chosen with versatility in mind. After establishing the business, Breadcrafter will research the possibility of producing sandwiches to increase revenues. Thi s investment would require approximately $1500.00 for the purchase of equipment and ingredients. The high society will also pursue wholesale contracts.Toothsome Foods Company has indicated amuse in a contract to produce two Christmas products on a per loaf basis, Cherry Chocolate Fruitcake and Midwest Christmas Stollen. These products can help generate revenues in the slower Autumn months. The proprietor will also consider producing some of Toothsome Foods current lineup of Handmade Breads on a wholesale basis. Read more http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/business-plans/Business-Plans-Volume-05/Bread-Bakery-Business-Plan.htmlbixzz2IzCX4Wxt

A Great Man

January 4, 1643 is the time when our groovy mathematician and physicist, Isaac newton, was born. His hometown was Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His generate was a noble farmer but unfortunately he died before Isaac nitrogen was born. After his fathers death, his m opposite was married again, thus he was left with his grandparents custody. He went to Cambridge University to vignette in 1661. During that year, he became interested in divers(a) fields including mathematics. He was also become interested in optics, astronomy and physics but in 1665 a plague epidemic came in the University that lunges due north to go back to his hometown.During his two years in Cambridge, he already thought closely gravity and in eveningt began to study optics and mathematics in particular calculus. After the plague, he returned to Cambridge. He became a assist Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In 1668, he made a reflecting telescope which attracts the caution of the scientific commu nity and eventually he became a member of the storied Royal Society. His passion in optics and science was manifested by his series of experiments in the composition of abstemious which entrusted to the uncovering of the various behavior of watery.He published The Opticks which consists of concepts of bring down and color1704. Aside from The Opticks, he also published several(prenominal) paper whole caboodle in accounting, theology and alchemy. One of his swellest kit and boodle is the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). This whole shebang is all well-nigh how force and gravity were applied to all quarrys in the universe. In 1689, he was elected to become the MP for Cambridge University and in 1696 he became the warden of the Royal Mint in London.In 1703, he was elected as the chairperson of the Royal Society. Before he died, he has contributed a lot of concepts, discoveries, theories and ideas on different field such as optics, physics, astronomy and mathematics. His interest in mathematics was first manifested during his undergraduate year in Cambridge University. During this time he became accustomed to various mathematical works of several mathematicians like Descartes and john Wallis. His works in mathematics include the proof and improvement of the so called binominal theorem.Newton was not first to discover the formula ((a + b) n) behind the binomial theorem. In circumstance an Islamic mathematician namely al-Karaji made a binomial coefficient table up to n=5. Also, another Muslim mathematician namely Omar Khayyam establish a method of finding nth roots using the binomial refinement. Also in Europe, a century ago, Blaise Pascal has presented his concepts of how to generate binomial coefficients. Those discoveries by various mathematicians, including Pascal, were only applicable to positive values of n.Newton on the other hand, discovered the formula for (a+b)n that would work for any real. He arrived at this formula (a+b)n = an + nan-1b + n(n-1)an-2b2 / 2 + n(n-1)(n-2)an-3b3 / 3 + . . . + bn His finding or so the binomial expansion was for values of n element of the interval (-1, 1), the formula (a+b)n generates an infinite, converging series. Newtons discovery of binomial expansion/series was a expectant help in calculating pi ( ). As we all k at one time, a binomial series recurs repeatedly which becomes a very useful musical instrument for mathematical analysis.The method of fluxions was Newtons greatest discovery in calculus. In 1671, two years before Leibnitz established his own concepts to the highest degree calculus, Newton started to study fluxions which is basically include concepts, notations and ideas on Calculus. His works on calculus was well established during 1665 in which he presented symbolisms for partial derivatives which is now an important method in calculus. The idea of binomial theorem and knowledge about infinite series gave N ewton a solid idea on derivatives and integrals of functions.As a result of his studies, he showed that integral and derivatives can be express as a binomial expansion of infinite series particularly the power series. Newton discussed and solved problem using Method of fluxions. The problems include differentiation of algebraic function, integ dimensionn of algebraic functions using inverse method, first-order differential equations, optimization problem which includes the locating the maxima and minima of a given function and in conclusion drawing tangent line of functions at any point. Moreover, with the aid of fluxion, Newton developed a geometric idea of first and last ratio of lines.In 1660, Newton became interested to study the nature of light and vision. In fact because of his fascination on light, he actually stared directly on the temperateness and poked the sides of his eyeballs by a small knife to observe activities and behavior of light and which risked blinding him self. These kinds of wild experiments and other sensible ones gave way to the formulation of theories about nature, behavior of the spectrum of light. Furthermore, Newton made its great leap in the scientific world when he published his New Theory about blowzy and Colors in the Royal Societys journal.As a result of his various experiments, he forced to conclude that Light is a disparate mixture of refrangible rays meaning light is not a homogenous entity. When he passed a white light on a glass prism, he observed that spectrum of colors were formed in opposite walls which explained the property of light known as refraction. In line with the study of optics, he constructed a reflecting telescope, the first, to overcome the distortions of chromatic dispersion. One of his greatest percentages in the field of physics was his Law of ecumenical Gravitation.Isaac Newton made a comparison of the mope acceleration to the objects acceleration on Earth. He believed that gravitative forc es were ac believeable for the acceleration of each other. He made a springy conclusion that gravity depends mainly on distance. From his comparison, he concluded that the gravitative force of attraction between the Earth and other objects is inversely comparative to distance between the center of the earth and the object. In other words, if the object is near the center of the earth, the gravitational force of attraction is high and vise versa.But there are other factors, aside from distance that affects the magnitude of the gravitational force. Newton knew that mass is the other factor that affects the gravity or acceleration of an object. Another important conclusion was drawn and that the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the object is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Newtons law of universal gravitation was applied outside earth, and so gravity is really universal. With this finding, Newton was included in the gravity entrance hall of fame. Also, with the aid of Law of Universal Gravitation, the trey laws of motion were formulated.The formulation of these leash laws, particularly the second law of motion allows numerical computations of how velocity changes when force acts on it. Newton left several manuscripts and paper works about alchemy and chemical science. Most of these were part of books, bibliographies, dictionaries and many other sources however we could count in our fingers the original one from them. He began his experiments in 1669. He precious to know the truth about alchemical obscurity and mysticism and the nature of and structure of all matter that he believed that God created all of these.Newtons notable contribution on chemistry is his publication of an incomplete conjecture of chemical force. One of his written works is Opticks, which is first written in English. This was his roughly remarkable works on theories in light and color. In Opticks, he proved and explained through experiment and logical rea soning and which includes many axioms, theorems, propositional statements and lots of definitions. He integrated his mathematical reasoning in his works and eventually Opticks turned out to be the nates of all observational physics.The Opticks contained findings that light like sound is composed of waves. He obtained several criticisms from other scientist like Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens. But Newton insisted that light was composed of distinguishable particles that move in straight lines. Furthermore, Newton combined the ideas that light is a particle and at the same time a wave. Again, from this result he received criticisms from Hooke and other scientists. Principia, his most remarkable, notable work and considered his master chip was separate in three books.The first book of the Principia contains eight definitions and three axioms. The three axioms were later known as the Three Laws of Motion. These laws were the main parts of harbor I of Principia and in fact all discussions of Newton in his news I were based on these. In the Book II of Principia, he tacked motion of fluids and other bodies. On this book, he questioned Descartes and Kepler ideas about the vortex theory. In his Book III which was subtitled the System of the World, he showed how he arrived on his noted Law of Universal Gravitation.The Principia was considered the most influential and greatest scientific piece during Newtons era. His laws of motion and universal gravitation were his two most popular discoveries but Newton still believes that there is a domineering being that governs and makes these phenomena possible and that is God. Newton was a religious person. In fact he has written more on religion than in innate(p) science. As a summary, Newton was a remarkable scientist in the history of the world making remarkable scientific promotional materials and discoveries in mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, chemistry and even in the religion.In mathematics, h e contributed a lot of ideas on analytical geometry, algebra and calculus. His discovery of the binomial formula and method of fluxions were very significant in the advancement of various topics in mathematics. In physics, astronomy and optics, he made several findings and discoveries like the theories of light, Universal gravitation, laws of motion, ideas on fluid mechanics and invention of reflecting telescope. His book, Opticks, became the basis of many experiments in physics because of the employment of scientific method in his own experiments.Newton also has some contribution in alchemy and chemistry although some written works were in question. Newton was a great mathematician, a great physicist, a great astronomer and a great believer of God. Although all his works were scientific, he did deny the existence of a divine being. He was really a religious person and I think this was the reason why Sir Isaac Newton was successful in his career. We owed a lot to Newton so let us th anked him for his great contribution in humanity. Work Cited Hatch, Robert A. 1999. Sir Isaac Newton. 1 celestial latitude 2007, <http // www. clas.ufl. edu/users/rhatch/pages/01-Courses/current-courses /08sr-newton. htm>. Henderson, Tom. 2007. Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation. 1 declination 2007, <http//www. glenbrook. k12. il. us/gbssci/phys/Class/circles/ u6l3c. html>. Newton, Sir Isaac. 1 December 2007, <http//www. phy. hr/dpaar/fizicari/xnewton. html>. Sir Isaac Newtons Invention of the Calculus Fluxions and Infinite Series. 1 December 2007, <http//www. polybiblio. com/bud/19178. html>. Smoller, Laura. June 2001. Applications Web-Based Precalculus. 1 December 2007 < http//ualr. edu/lasmoller/newton. html >.

Portarait Painting

Portrait motion-picture show. Horatio once said A picture is a poem without words . Really, a painting passel handle loudthan thousand words. A painting is the most effective exhibition of matchlesssidea about a particular concept or material. A great painting enriches our experience of lifespan, just as a great poem does, since great painters make us see and call in a great deal more than the objects before us, they teach us to look at a scene through their eyes, their imagination. Itcan rationalize a story which will take some(prenominal) pages if it is explained inwords. forthwith Id like to draw your attention to enactment painting.At first, Im to present the definition of this genre of painting, than Im to speak on three artists William Hogarth, Mary Cassat and Valentin Serov as the voices of three different movements in portrait painting. As Britannica says Portrait paintingis agenreofpainting, where the clothed is to depict the visual appearance of the subject. B eside charitable beings, animals, pets and pull down inanimate objects can be chosen as the subject for a portrait. Portraitists create their turn over by commission, or are inspired by admiration or affection for the subject.Historically, portrait paintings have primarily memorialized the rich and powerful. Today, the portrait painting is still commissioned by governments, corporations, groups, clubs, and individuals. As you can know thither are a lot of movements in painting in world-wide and in portrait painting in particular. They range from realism to pop-art, still Im to single out realism, impressionism and modernism. The movement of realism is ground on the take away reflection of human face and body. Clear and exact lines, realistic colours are typical of it. The representative of this movement is William Hogarth.He is considered plain one of the founders of realistic movement in Britain. Hogarth emerged as an importantportraitist, producing several impressive small -scale informal group portraits of members of a family or friends and a number of sensitive portraits of individual sitters. The example of realistic direction is expressed in the painting The Shrimp Girl. It was painted around 174045. The painting, a relatively late work by Hogarth, is one of several in which he experimented with a absolve, almostimpressionistic style, nevertheless even in this portrait the painter tried to find the beauty in real life and its reflection.The painting depicts a woman selling shellfish on the streets of London, typically a job for the wives and daughters of fishmongers. One of the brightest movements of portrait painting is impressionism, characterized by loose and broad strokes, diffused lines and even the distortion of human body. The wonderful representative is Mary Cassatt. She was a wonderful American painter and her place in the history of American art is unique, because she responded in a very characteristic way to the mandate to portray modern life.Cassatt created a personal wording out of the grammar of Impressionism. Most very much, she portrayed women like herself, e. g. Miss Mary Ellison is the second gear of two portraits of Mary Ellison, which was created in 1880. Cassatt in that location concentrates on Miss Ellisons reflective mood. In this painting, Cassatts brushwork is open and sketchy, colours are soft and even merge. The mirror behind Ellison is a device the artist used often its presence allows the expansion of the compositions implied space to include areas that the viewer could not other see.The last movement Id like to mention is modernism. It appeared on the basis of impressionism, and even if strokes are broad and strong, lines are clear and human face and body are reflected almost exactly. In general, modernists embellish (?????????????) the image. Valentin Serov is a famous representative if the movement. In fact, in his style of painting there was his classical technique when one precise stroke of brush was employ without further reworking. Serov is seen as the first Russian modernist, and his composition Girl with Peaches(1887) initiated the style of Russia.In the painting Serov pieces together fragments of the interior scene and still-life. The light pours in through the window and dissolves the contours of the objects. Serov uses warm tones for the little girl which in some way contrasts with the colder tones of the space. The girl is painted almost exactly in clear lines and good proportions. To break up the topic Id like to say that different movements in portrait painting are the result of painters views on art, painting. Their style ever reflects their epoch and predominant movements in other spheres. But paintings in any(prenominal) genre excite and impress.

Cultural Supression: Abusive Behavior Towards Women and Its Effect on the Spread of Hiv/Aids

Africa is facing a devastating crisis with respect to the assist pestilent, currently accounting for oer 70% of the worlds hu gay immunodeficiency virus-positive population. There atomic number 18, of course, legion(predicate) factors that rebuff the explosive transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, simply in the tangled sink that is the epidemic in Africa, many of these issues sh ar a common thread. The onerousness of wo custody in Africa bed be considered the virus cultural vector. Fe potent persons argon r boundinalered berthless in African societies, and existing stir activity inequalities be largely responsible for the stretch out of the indisposition. fe antherals separate position in bon ton is intrinsically linked to the domination of wo workforce in their kindreds with men. In order for progress to be made, an examination of gender relations and empowerment for women essential take place. To be successful, aid campaigns mustiness be built on the existing organizational skills of women, but must incorporate men as well. The blatantly skewed distribution of power in African patriarchal societies makes women extremely vulnerable but has dangerous implications for all.To examine the forces that steer the epidemic down its course, the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus and back up in Africa must first be considered. More than 80% of all human immunodeficiency virus infections in Africa are acquired through heterointimate give. This statistic is grossly out of oddment with the 13% rate of infection through hetero versed contact in the fall in States. Vertical transmission from mother to child is the second roughly common route for the virus to take in Africa (Essex et al. , 158). These range are generally much higher than in the United States and Europe, where the substance abuse of a medicate called nevirapine has drastically reduced mother-to-child transmission.This disparity is a postulate result of differences in the nations wealth. African nations simply can non afford to provide the drug to infected pregnant women. The cut acrossd transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through colly blood during processes such as blood transfusions is another dismal upshot of poverty and inferior health services in many African countries. This method accounts for the third most important mode of transmission, one that has been or so eradicated in many countries because the technology is available to pr regular(a)t it (Essex et al. 159). Part of what makes the government agency in Africa so devastating is that the primary roads the virus travels in Africa were shut down long ago in other countries. ofttimes of the worlds population already takes many of the roadblocks for granted. The transmission route of heterosexual contact is so heavily traveled in Africa that it demands an examination of sexual behavior. ahead we delve into the workings of intimate relationships, however, t he fine points of gender inequality in the public sphere must be examined.These social conditions spill over into every aspect of life, tainting womens casual and sexual relationships with men. Women are systematically disadvantaged in African social club. Male bias in the structures of society is reflected in day-to-day behavior, embedded in legislation, policy, political and religious ideologies, and cultural conventions (Baylies et al. , 6). Examples of this kink abound. The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia designates the hubby as the head of the family and gives him the potential to administer household property.The husband is given the right to control and fence common property and to make all finiss regarding it. While the Code requires that the husband act judiciously and not alienate property without the consent of his wife, virile traditional and cultural beliefs discourage women from enforcing this requirement (African Region Findings). In Kenya, the character permits the application of customary law to personal matters. The Constitution contains no provender for gender as a basis for non-discrimination and consequently, even gender-biased recitations are held as valid and constitutional.Womens access to frugal resources in Kenya is largely defined by customary laws (African Region Findings). Inheritance is usually along the male business line women do not inherit family property. not only do women prolong less access to income and possess much less wealth than their male counterparts, but they similarly contribute more than hours of labor than men do (Baylies, et. al. , 7). In a village meeting held in rural Lushoto, Tanzania, in 1996, coordinated in response to help, even two of the men generate agreed that women take the heavier burden. A man, if you need him, is al focal points out, an elderly man spoke out, whereas the woman is the one at home, taking care of homework and all other household affairs. . . . We get up in the mornings and go about our business and dont concern ourselves with whether the children give or not, he continued. We diverge it all to mama. We give orders, we are dictators in the home (Baylies et al. , 191). Most of the men, however, did not share his capacity to see the situation in this way. One male maintains, as a man you harbor so many things to understand to, and you rely on her to think of things like soap for washing (Baylies et al. 190). Womens trammel opportunities also translate into reduced access to education.Their lower levels of literacy contribute to their more limited access to information about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV (Baylies et al. , 6). Cultural conventions prevent them from asserting themselves in public, squelching any hope of amend their situation in this way. Since their work is confined to the domestic field, womens labor does not command market value, leaving them dependent on those members of the household who drop dead in the cas h economy (Baylies et al. 7). Economic need often drives women to cypher into prostitution. The selling of sex, many argue, is often the only choice African women have betwixt starvation and survival (Essex et al. , 538). It is the link between womens position in wider society and position in sexual relations that is crucial to perceptiveness their vulnerability to the virus. UNacquired immune deficiency syndrome reported in 1999 that in sub-Saharan Africa 12 or 13 women are infected with the HIV virus for every 10 men (Russell 101). Women have characteristically been viewed as responsible for transmitting the virus.Prostitutes are blamed for spreading HIV to clients, and mothers are blamed for passing it to their children (Essex et al. , 3). Females are thought to have a polluting influence and are treated as vaginas or uteruses, whores or mothers, and vectors or vessels as opposed to people (Essex et al. , 3). quite of regarding women as blameworthy for the severity of the as sist epidemic in Africa, they should be more accurately perceived as occupying a cultural turning point in which they are highly vulnerable to contracting the virus.Since women are laboured to relinquish the drivers seat to males in the public sphere, they certainly have no say in the nature and timing of their sexual activity in the private sphere, leaving the roads HIV travels open to traffic. Intimate relations revolve around the same notions of personhood that operate in the larger society (Baylies, et. al. , 7). The outcomes of these gender ideologies take form as sexual practices. The foundation of these sexual understandings seems to be that women are expected to give but not let pleasure.Sexual norms prescribe relative passivity for egg-producing(prenominal)s, while according sexual decision making to men (Baylies et al. , 7). Tolerance is expected for the greater sexual mobility of men. Female fidelity is usually viewed as necessary while male unfaithfulness is consisten t with the extension of the familial line (Essex et al. , 534). The double standard expectancy is that women go away enter into a marriage as virgins but men will not. In patriarchal, sub-Saharan African cultures, marriage can be defined as a legally and socially sanctioned relationship between a man and a woman deep down which replica takes place (Essex et al. 534). Women are not viewed as people capable of sexual pleasure but as the means by which to achieve an end. That end is the perpetuation of the family line. This prime value on marriage and motherhood presses newborn girls into risky, multiple- mate relationships long before they are psychologically or physically mature. preteen women cannot refuse the sexual demands of older men nor bear the social defacement of being without a husband or children (Essex et al. , 536). Women are ineffective within their relationships and have too little power outside of them to abandon partners that sick them at risk.How, then, do these social and sexual patterns account for the severity of the help epidemic in Africa? Many claim that male privilege is what drives the AIDS epidemic, even going so far as to call AIDS a form of mass femicide (Russell 100). Diane Russell bluntly states, Those women who contract HIV/AIDS from their male partners because of their sexist attitudes and behavior, and/or because of their superior power and dominant status, are? when they break-dance? victims of femicide (102). There are many examples of manifestations of male domination that can be fatal for female partners.Male refusal to use condoms is perhaps the most hypercritical of these behaviors. Utilization of condoms is the one factor that would undoubtedly reduce transmission rates drastically. Women are not even allowed to ask, Can we have sex? , so it is even more difficult to bring up condom use (Russell 103). However, if a woman does find the courage to ask her male partner to use a condom, not only will he more or less certainly refuse, he is likely to beat her. Talk to him about donning a rubber sheath and be prepared for accusations, abuse or abandonment, relates Johanna McGeary in TIME magazine.Her article also related the story of a throw in Durban, who, coming home from an AIDS training class, suggested that her husband go down on a condom. He proceeded to grab a pot and jockey on it loudly, attracting all the neighbors. He pointed a knife at her and demanded Where was she between 4 p. m. and now? Why is she suddenly suggesting that? What has changed after 20 old age that she wants a condom? One man, who had already infected his wife with HIV and was developing open herpes sores on his penis, objected to his wifes suggestion of employ condoms, accusatory her of having a boyfriend (Russell 103).Even educated men, aware of the AIDS risk, balk at the suggestion. McGeary heard the same answer come up once more and again That question is nonnegotiable. Several myths account for the l ack of condom use, even when they are distributed for no cost your erection cant grow, free condoms must be too cheap to be safe, condoms fill up with germs, condoms from overseas bring the disease with them, condoms donated by foreign governments have holes in them so that Africans will die (McGeary).Some men simply decide they do not like the way condoms feel, and that is enough to decide the issue. When interviewed, one couple in Kanyama, Zambia, reported using condoms for contraception, but the husband started to complain that they were burning him and was not going to continue using them (Baylies et al. , 98). The established trend is that women must risk infection to ravish men. Women compromise their sexual safety to mens pleasure by even more drastic physical means. Throughout Southern Africa, many women practice dry sex to please their husbands.This involved drying out the vagina with soil involved with baboon urine some use detergents, salts, cotton, or shredded newspape r (Russell 102). Not only is dry sex reportedly very painful for women, it causes vaginal lacerations and suppresses the vaginas natural bacteria, both of which increase the likelihood of contracting the HIV virus when engaging in sex with an infected partner (Russell 103). Since women are already twice as likely to contract HIV from a virtuoso encounter than are men, this is extremely dangerous (McGeary).The decision to function in dry sex can be made for economical reasons as well. The prostitute who dries out her vagina can charge more, 50 or 60 rands ($6. 46 to $7. 75), enough to cave in a childs school fees or to eat for a week (McGeary). This is in contrast to the 20 rands ($2. 84) she might come otherwise. Since male economic privilege plays a major position in forcing women into prostitution, any AIDS deaths resulting from it can be considered femicide. Economic disadvantage for females drives them to act in other dirty deals.Teenage girls especially are easy raven fo r older, wealthier sugar daddies, men who provide notes and goods in exchange for sex (Essex et al. , 536). Sex has been referred to as the currency by which women and girls are expected to pay for lifes opportunities, from a passing grade in school to a calling license (Baylies et al. , 7). Girls as young as ten and eleven in Tanzania have been reported as having sexual relations with men for chips, Coke, money for videos or transport to school (Baylies et al. , 11).Sexual networking has dangerous implications for the spread of HIV, leaving many young women with much more than they bargained for. Yet another expression of male dominance on which the virus thrives is the practice of female genital mutilation. This practice, which has grow in the patriarchal society, is defined by the knowledge base Health makeup as the removal of part or all of the external female genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nonthe reaveutic reasons (Russell 104).I t is designed to cater to mens sexual preferences and reward their control over women. The tendency of mutilated genitals to bleed, especially during intercourse, erects women at high risk for contracting the virus, as does the repeated use of the earthy instruments used to perform these operations. The tools are often used on a number of girls on the same occasion (Russell 105). This practice is imposed on millions of girls in Africa. It is an attack not only on their bodies but also on their womanhood, on their personhood, and on their ability to protect themselves from a venomous disease.Tolerance of male promiscuity is a further social construction that strips onward females autonomy with fatal consequences. Men are accepted as sexually voracious by nature. They are like that, and you cant do anything, says one girl in Lushoto (Baylies et al. , 128). Many families economic situations require that husbands are gone for months at a time in order to work, and they are certainl y not expected to abstain from sexual activity during this time. Another Lushoto girl, married to a trader often away in Dar es Salaam, reports that she is afraid of her husband, bedevilment he may infect me (Baylies et al. 128). Her concern is absolutely justified. When a wife suspects that her husband has many partners outside the marriage, she is not entitled to refuse to engage in sex. You are a wife, what can you do? is the sad naturalism for most (Baylies et al. , 128). Marriage is an institution of vulnerability for women in Africa with respect to HIV. In general, it is men who bring HIV into a marriage (Baylies et al. , 11). Women can be infected, not through promiscuous activity on their own part, but as a consequence of being faithful to their husbands.The prevalence of AIDS in Africa also transforms sexual assaulters into murderers. The problem of rape is especially highlighted in South Africa, where a woman is estimated to be five times more likely to be raped than a woman in the United States (Russell 106). It is an extremely rare event that a rape is reported at all 75% are believed to remain unreported (Russell 107). The existence of rape gangs is also a serious problem in South Africa. The term for recreational gang rape is jackrolling, and it is considered a game, not a crime.An abbreviation of gender relations in Africa provides insight into how and why HIV spreads so efficiently. The question now becomes what should be done with this fellowship to generate barroom strategies. It is obvious that women must become more empowered for the epidemic to be slowed with any significance. Russell claims that the first order of business requires educating people about the role played by male domination in the spread of HIV and AIDS, and that policies must then be developed to eliminate manifestations of patriarchy (109).It is clear that education should focus more on gender issues than the need to deflect risky sexual behavior. However, as has be en demonstrated over and over, increased knowledge does not always translate into changed behavior. Baylies and Bujra investigate the potential of womens groups in campaigns of protective covering against HIV in Africa. They also point out that if economic dependency on men is a factor underlying womens vulnerability, greater economic security should serve to empower women. For this to occur, women would require higher levels of education.How men should be involved is another debatable issue. Male behaviors not only put their partners in danger, but themselves as well. Therefore, not only do men bear responsibility in this area, but it would be in their evoke to assist in the process. One thing is clear if the AIDS epidemic is to become any less of a problem in Africa, women will have to be empowered. Though AIDS is certainly a approximately impossible fire to extinguish in any context, the patriarchal society and exploitation of women not only fuels the flames but turns a fire i nto an inferno.For millions of African women, this hell is the reality. Their inferior position in larger society renders them powerless in sexual relations. The manifestation of these social constructions emerges in sexual practices and behavior that not only allow HIV to transmit at frightful rates, but also are blatant violations of basic human rights. When African women are no longer denied these fundamental rights, a decrease in the severity of the epidemic will undoubtedly follow.Works Cited African Region Findings. The World Bank Group, No. 126, January 1999. ttp//www. worldbank. org/afr/findings/english/find126. htm April 29, 2002. Baylies, Carolyn and Janet Burja. AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa. NY Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2000. Essex, Max, Souleymane Mboup, Phyllis J. Kanki, and Mbowa R. Kalengayi, eds. AIDS in Africa. NY Raven Press, 1994. McGeary, Johanna. Death Stalks A Continent. Time Magazine, 2001. http//www. time. com/time/2001/aidsinafrica/cover. hypertext markup language April 29, 2002. Russell, Diane E. H. and Roberta A. Harmes, eds. Femicide in Global Perspective. NY Teachers College Press, 2001.