Energy Losses in Pipes

nonhing losings in PipesABSTRACTThe objective of this science laboratoryoratory is to associate the release of vital force in a hydraulic musical arrangement with the geometry of the squ totally, that adopts the precarious, while it is being transported from one location to another. Special considerations were given to study and minor energy waiveres. Friction was allow inn and treated as a major hurt with respect to energy, while other factors such as expansions, contractions, squall forefends, pipe fittings and obstructions were considered as minor energy tone endinges. The design of any(prenominal) hydraulic systems is governed by the understanding of these relations, and this experiment is carried out with the intention proving that on that operate is a acquittance of energy specific whollyy related to these factors. 4 The DMXL Base whole in accordance with the DLM-6 cartridge were used to per roll the experiment, victimization urine as the medium of cho ice. The cartridges shove transducers put down the impel leavings at tether locations of interest. The locations included a honestaway pipe incision, a unagitated 90 bend, and a precipitous 90 in force(p) travel turn. For proper comparison, these results were all at the same length, of 70 mm. A total of 20 selective information points were tabulated, and used to calculate the loss of energy coefficients and head loss, for of all common chord sections. The results showed that there was a great loss of energy with the sharp 90 mightily angle, followed by the smooth 90 bend and finally, the straight section had the least amount of energy loss. tally to the principles of fluid mechanics, the assumption is that the highest loss of energy would correspond to the sharp 90 right angle bend. The results reenforce that assumption.INTRODUCTIONIn al some all hydraulic systems, it chiffonier be observed that there atomic number 18 energy losings with respect to encounter an d geometrical changes. The clash loss in pipes is due to the influence of the fluids gummyness near the climb of the surrounding pipe. The energy losses due to pinch changes crowd out be seen in every part of a hydraulic system due to the expansions, contractions, bends in pipes, pipe fittings, and obstructions in the pipes. 2 This loss of energy is thusce transferred as heat.Frictional losses in organ pipe are related to amphetamine of devolveRoughness of pipe surfaceLength of pipeCross-sectional area of pipeViscosity of fluidNumber of pipe bendsThe complete acceptable pressure throw away of the hydraulic system must be picked with care, as the power loss is a result of the pressure destroy and system prevail pasture. thither is an efficiency loss that must be adjusted for the cost of larger fittings and hoses and pipework. The energy of no use is disseminated as heat energy in oil, which may prompt to cooling issues and condensing of the oil life. 1Pressure losses in pipework will rely on the fluid descend condition. There are three particular fluidflow conditionslaminar attend profuse FlowTransition FlowAs it plunder be seen in var. 1, Laminar stream is the condition when the watery particles travel easily in straight lines, the internal most suave layer goes at the most elevated speed and the external most layer at the pipe surface doesnt move. 2Figure 1. Laminar Flow 2 profligate flow has unusual and disorderly liquid molecule movements, to such an extent that a comprehensive blending of the fluid happens, as appeared in Figure 2. A turbulent flow is generally not attractive, as the flow resistance increments and in this way the hydraulic losses increment. 3Figure 2. Turbulent Flow 3As shown in Figure 3, with turbulence in the focal point of the pipe, and laminar flow close to the edges, the transactional flow screw be seen that it is a blend of the turbulent and laminar flow. 2Figure 3. transitional Flow 2Inside a pipe system, there are twain sorts of losses. The first is a Major Loss and comprises of the head losses because of viscous impacts in straight fragments of pipe in the system. 5Which is referred to as h_(L major) and the par follows as(1)The second sort is a Minor Loss and is a form of losses produced inside segments of the pipe system other than the straight pipes themselves. 5Which is referred to as h_ (L minor) and the equivalence follows as(2)The equation for head loss at a sudden expansion can be written as (3)And twist for the head loss at a sudden contraction is as (4)The head loss due to a bend can be shown by the expression as (5)METHODOLOGYEquipment and Materials ListFor the experiment, we used the Energy Losses in hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base unit of measurement . The DLMX is a teaching equipment that can be presented as one of the commanding best designed educating device that is utilized to teach students from various incompatible subjects like runny Mechanics and Hea t Transfer. The equipment includes a small bombing operated, base unit, into which has one of the seven different cartridges is plugged. 3The base unit contains think panelWater reservoirPumpControlsExperimental ApparatusAccording to the General Operating Instructions from the provided lab manual, the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in hydraulic Systems) was installed as shown below in Figure 4, with a fill Base unit and powered on. The flow rate was adjusted victimisation the knob on the Base Unit. The flow rate and synonymous derived function pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections appeared on the output screen.Figure 4. DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) 3The cartridges have the particular instrumentation required for the specific demonstration and contain an experimental representation of the topic. The base unit involves a round, clear acrylate resin water reservoir, mounted on a powerful vacuum mold ABS plastic p linth, shown below in Figure (). Under the plinth is a pump with a variable speed discover, battery, flow meter, the electrical control hardware, and level sensor 6.Figure (5) Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit 3Experimental ProcedureTo coterminous our lab, we referred to Filling Pressure Transducer Tubes section as we powered on the machine. We then installed the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) into the Base Unit make full with water and ensured that all pressure readings are at zilch flow rate. We can read the flow rate and pressure neutralise at that moment is given if we scrolled down on the display on the machine. Next, we analyze for the feasible utmost flow rate. From there we were able to get an consider of the increment struggles needed for each reading. The flow rate was set to 1 L/min and increased in approximately equal increments until the maximum flow rate was achieved. And then the pressure drop was obtained and recorded. Steps were perennial until Experimental DLMX data table is completed.RESULTSTable 1 shows the data points recorded from different runs of fluid flowing through P direct, P Smooth, and P RA Bend.Table 1. Data points recorded from the experiment.Dimension ConstantsSquare pipe width = 4 mmSmooth bend universal gas constant = 8 mm(to channel center)Distance amidst pressure tapsStraight section 70 mmSmooth bend section 70 mmSharp bend section 70RA = right angle bendVelocityIn Table 2, we effect the Velocity by victimisation the equation of Flow rate,Area (area = 0.004*0.004 =0.000016 m2) Q Flow rate (6)Table 2. Velocity obtained from different runs. gunpointlossHead loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe are shown below in Table 3We used Pascals Law to calculate the loss coefficient.This can be found by using equation ofHL = (7)Table 3. Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipeLoss CoefficientK smooth =289.30, k RA= 267.48, f Straight= 1.461*1 0-4,As we hunch over that hydraulic diameter, (8) (9)therefore, The values below are derived from basic equation of Head loss,HL = This same equation is used for straight pipesThis same equation is used for smooth and RA pipesIn the above equations f and K are the loss coefficients.Loss coefficients for straight, smooth and right angle pipes are shown belowTable 4. Loss coefficients of Straight, Smooth, and RA Bend Pipe.DISCUSSIONIn order to obtain the pressure difference in a broadsheet pipe it is possible to reduce the energy equation as follows. (10) (11)Where, = minginess of fluid, g = gravity, h = height, P = pressure, V = average velocity, z = heyday and This reduction is applicable when the cross-sectional area as well as the elevation are equal.For circular transmit, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation below. (12)Where,f = Stanton friction factor, L = length of circular channel, D = diameter, V = average velocity and g = gravity.In contrast to c ircular channels, the energy equation can in like manner be used to obtain the pressure difference in noncircular channels as follows. (13)However, in noncircular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation (14)Where, (15)Moreover, the friction factor for non-circular channels is a function of the roughness factor divided by the hydraulic radius and the Reynolds number. (16)For noncircular channels, the Reynolds number is likewise calculated using the hydraulic diameter as follows. (17)It is possible to measure pressure losses arising from fittings to the piping system using the DLMX fluid mechanics cartridge fitted with differential pressure transducers that connected to pressure taps which registers the difference in pressure related to the flow.The pressure difference can be evaluated using the energy equation that includes major friction losses due to fittings on the piping system as follows. (18)For the cartridge, the energy balance equation begin s as follows below. (19)Considering the cartridge as a unlikable system the energy balance equation reduces as follows below. (20)Physically, represents the pressure losses per unit mass of water in the cartridge. On the other hand, represents the differences in pressure at the three points of interest associated with flow. The hierarchy of pressure difference starting from the least pressure difference to the highest is as follows below.The pressure drop at the right-angled bend can be calculated using from the energy balance equation below. (21)Because there is no change in diameter throughout the length of the bend, no change in elevation, as well as no change in elevation, the energy balance equation reduces to.(22)The loss coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient derived from dividing the head loss by as follows below. (23)Therefore,Finally, to calculate the required pressure losses in the bend the equation above reduces as follows below. (24)At the straight portion of the pipe, the pressure drop equation reduces as follows below. (25)Where f=the friction coefficient, D=diameter of the pipe and L= the length of the pipe.In order to find the length of straight pipe that would be sufficient to generate the same amount of pressure drop at the right-angled bend the pressure drops have to be made equal as follows below. (26)The length of the pipe then reduces to the polity below. (27)It is possible to determine the loss coefficient graphically from the experimental values by creating a graph of the head loss vs dynamic head. (28)Where and = dynamic head, the loss coefficient Figure 6. Head loss vs Dynamic HeadCONCLUSIONThe goals of this lab was to measure the head losses through straight, smooth, and sharp- bend pipe fittings and then use these measurements to estimate the loss of energy coefficients for each transition or fitting. For the experiment, the DML-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) was used with the DLMX Base Unit , using w ater as the fluid of choice. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections were all recorded. A total of 20 data points were amass. The collected datas were used to calculate the head losses and loss of energy coefficients for all three sections. The results show that the pressure difference in the right-angle bend is high than smooth bend, and pressure difference in smooth is higher(prenominal) than the straight bend pipes. Also, the average head loss of a right-angle pipe, 1.633, is certainly higher than average head loss of the smooth, 2.144, and straight, 1.633. Furthermore, the average loss coefficient of right angle pipe, 16.84078, was also higher than smooth, 10.988725, and straight, 0.13513, pipes. Uncertainty analysis indicate that one possible source of error came from the pressure readings. The pressure readings at the reference point for each component and each flow was some value greater t han zero, plainly the problem with this was that all the reference point readings should have been zero regardless of the set up. The reason for this difference is still unknown, however the mistrust is that there was a problem with the machines manometer. The lesson acquire with this experiment was the energy losses in pipes due to different fittings. The experiment was quite a interesting, yet this hands-on approach lesson will help us succeed in the solid engineering world as well.REFERENCES1 Bruce Roy, Munson, T. H. Okiishi and Donald F. Young. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ J. Wiley Sons, 2009.2 Smith, W.F., Turbulent and Laminar Flow in Pipes, with the Particular Reference to the Transition amid the Straight, Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Inst. Civ. Eng. Lond., vol.11, pp. 148-178, 1979-78.3 DLMX Base Unit and DLM-6 Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems. (2017, February 28). Retrieved from http//discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/dlmx/desktop-learning-mod ules3 Hibbeler, R. C. 10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Laminar, Turbulent, and Transitions. Fluid Mechanics. N.p. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. 578-46. Print.4 Fluid Flow through between Pipes. Pump-House, University of South Carolina, capital of South Carolina (2007) n. pag. Web. http//www.cs.cdu.edu.au/home-page/jayitroy/eng477/sect10.pdf pg. 475 Head Loss Coefficients of Major and Minor. Vano Engineering. N.p., 13 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.6 Shukla. S.K., Indian Journal of Applied Research, of various different flow rates, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 313-377, April. 2015.7 Donald, jam C., M. F. Sherif, and V. P. Kumar. 8.4 Minor and Major Losses in Pipes. Elementary Hydraulics. Mason, OH Cengage Learning, 2004. 257-78. Print.8 John Ray, W.F., 1947, Turbulent Flow in Pipes with Particular reference to the TransitionRegion between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Institution. of Civil Engr Dept., I7, pp 178-167. vermiform process AWe learned how different pipe fittings res ults in energy losses in pipes. Although it was quite difficult to do all the calculations, plus the presence of uncertainty created a doubt on the result, our team found this lab very interesting. The results were also close to the expected outcome.APPENDIX BNamesTasksHoursRigoberto AguileraMaaz KhanEsther NdichuTrang PhamPrabhjit SinghAPPENDIX CIt should be noted that when using Bernoullis equation, one must take into consideration the height of a pipe. The data that was used in the calculations was neat without that consideration. The manufacturer of the unit explains that the pressure transducers inside the DLM-6 cartridge do not measure hydrostatic pressures between the taps, when the tubes are filled with water. As it can be seen in the image below the device is filled with water, but the water is not in motion. The levels of the manometer tubes are the same, regardless of the vertical setup. With the same concept in mind, it is clear to see that the pressure transducers wil l also fail to measure any pressure change with respect to gravity.